Looking to boost your income in 2025? With the gig economy thriving and remote work more accessible than ever, there are countless ways to earn extra cash. From quick side hustles to long-term passive income strategies, here are 15 practical methods to diversify your earnings:
- Quick Wins: Take online surveys, test apps, or deliver food and groceries.
- Skill-Based Options: Try freelancing, virtual assistant work, or online tutoring.
- Scalable Income: Start a blog, sell digital products, or launch a dropshipping business.
- Creative Ventures: Sell handmade items, stock photos, or flip secondhand goods.
- Passive Income: Explore affiliate marketing or create digital templates and courses.
Quick Comparison
Method | Time Commitment | Earning Potential | Key Platforms |
---|---|---|---|
Online Surveys | 10-15 min/survey | $1-$5 per survey | Survey Junkie, Swagbucks |
Freelance Writing | 10-20 hrs/week | $20-$150/hour | Upwork, ProBlogger |
Virtual Assistant | 10-20 hrs/week | $15-$50/hour | Fiverr, Freelancer |
Dropshipping | 15-20 hrs/week | Varies, scalable | Shopify, Oberlo |
Selling Handmade Items | 5-10 hrs/week | $20-$500+/item | Etsy, Amazon Handmade |
Affiliate Marketing | 5-10 hrs/week | Commission-based | Amazon Associates, ShareASale |
Online Tutoring | 5-10 hrs/week | $10-$30/hour | Chegg, VIPKid |
Stock Photography | Flexible | $0.25-$45/download | Shutterstock, Adobe Stock |
Whether you’re looking for quick cash or building long-term financial stability, these methods can fit into your schedule and skill set. Let’s dive in to find the right fit for you!
16 Flexible Side Jobs to Make Extra Money in 2025
1. Earn Money by Taking Online Surveys
Taking online surveys is a simple way to make some extra cash in 2025. While it won’t replace a full-time job, it’s an easy option with few requirements to get started.
How Much Can You Make? Most surveys pay between $1 and $5, depending on their length and complexity [5]. Your total earnings depend on how many surveys you qualify for, which often ties to your demographic profile.
Popular Platforms to Try:
- Survey Junkie: Known for consistent payouts and an easy-to-use platform.
- Swagbucks: Offers surveys plus other ways to earn.
- Vindale Research: Features higher-paying studies focused on market research.
"The shift in market research methods has made online surveys increasingly valuable, with 62% of participants motivated by monetary rewards", says Nielsen’s latest research.
Tips to Boost Your Earnings:
- Use a dedicated email for surveys to stay organized.
- Prioritize surveys with higher payouts.
- Set aside a regular time each day to complete surveys.
Time Commitment Surveys usually take 10–15 minutes, making them perfect for filling downtime. Completing your profiles accurately across multiple platforms can also help you qualify for more surveys tailored to your demographic.
Online surveys are a great starting point for anyone looking to earn a little extra on the side. If they’re not your thing, you might enjoy testing apps and games instead – an entertaining way to bring in some extra income.
2. Get Paid to Test Apps and Games
Testing apps and games is a fun way to make extra money while helping developers fine-tune their products. With the app and gaming industry expected to hit $13.6 billion by 2027, there’s a growing demand for testers as part of the gig economy.
Top Platforms and What They Pay:
Platform | Pay Rate | Payment Method |
---|---|---|
UserTesting | $10 | PayPal |
TryMyUI | $10 | PayPal |
Userlytics | Variable | PayPal/Bank Transfer |
What You Need to Get Started:
- A stable internet connection and a compatible device (computer, smartphone, or tablet)
- The ability to follow instructions and deliver clear, constructive feedback
"User testing is a crucial step in the app development process. It helps us identify and fix issues before launching the app to the public." – Emily Chen, UX Designer
Tips to Boost Your Earnings:
- Sign up for multiple testing platforms and complete detailed profiles.
- Be active during peak times and turn on notifications for new tests.
- Deliver detailed, actionable feedback to stand out.
- Focus on specific areas, like gaming or productivity apps, to build expertise.
Taking It Further: Most tests pay between $10 and $20, but consistently providing high-quality feedback can lead to better-paying gigs. With the rise of mobile gaming, this side hustle could even evolve into roles in UX design, quality assurance, or technical writing.
If you’re looking for something more physical, consider delivering food or groceries to stay active while earning extra cash.
3. Deliver Food or Groceries for Extra Cash
The rise of food delivery services has opened up plenty of ways to earn extra cash in 2025. With demand continuing to grow, it’s a flexible option that requires little upfront investment.
What You Need to Start: A valid driver’s license, a dependable vehicle, a smartphone, and the ability to pass a background check.
Platform | Average Hourly Earnings | Peak Hours Bonus |
---|---|---|
DoorDash | $15-25 | Up to +$3/delivery |
UberEats | $15-20 | Up to 2.5x base rate |
Instacart | $15-20 | +$2-5/batch |
GrubHub | $15-25 | Up to +$4/delivery |
Tips to Boost Your Income:
- Focus on working during peak times, such as lunch and dinner, to take advantage of bonuses.
- Stick to areas with lots of restaurants and high delivery demand.
- Combine multiple orders heading in the same direction to save time.
- Keep your customer rating high for better assignments.
- Track your expenses for potential tax deductions.
"The gig economy is transforming food delivery services, with the number of workers expected to reach 78 million by 2025. This growth presents unprecedented opportunities for those seeking flexible income sources."
Pro Tip: Use multiple delivery apps at the same time (known as multi-apping) to cut down on idle time between orders. Just make sure you can handle overlapping deliveries without affecting your service quality. Many drivers have reported earning 20-30% more by using this approach.
Delivery work lets you control your schedule, making it a great choice for people with busy lives. Success comes down to keeping customers happy and planning your routes smartly to complete more deliveries in less time.
If you’d prefer something less physically demanding, freelancing could be another way to bring in extra income in 2025.
4. Take on Small Jobs in Your Area
Looking for flexible ways to earn extra cash in 2025? Local gigs through platforms like TaskRabbit can help you bring in money without locking into long-term commitments. These short-term jobs are a great way to diversify your income streams.
Task Type | Average Hourly Rate | Typical Job Duration |
---|---|---|
Yard Work | $20-30 | 2-4 hours |
Home Repairs | $25-50 | 1-6 hours |
Pet Sitting | $15-30 | 2-8 hours |
Moving Help | $30-45 | 3-6 hours |
How to Get Started:
- Build a professional profile showcasing your skills and offering competitive rates.
- Check local rates and price slightly below average to attract your first clients.
- Invest in the tools you’ll need for your chosen tasks.
- Deliver high-quality work to build a solid reputation.
TaskRabbit makes it easy to connect with local clients, though they do charge a 15-30% fee for services like insurance and payment protection [1].
Quick Tip: Focus on tasks that are in high demand, such as yard work or minor home repairs, to maximize your earnings.
Stand Out and Earn More: Certifications – like handyman credentials or pet first aid – can help you justify higher rates and attract more clients.
Not into local gigs? You can always explore online freelancing as another flexible way to make money from your skills.
5. Make Money as a Freelance Writer
Freelance writing is a flexible way to earn extra income, with opportunities available for writers of all experience levels. Thanks to the growing demand for digital content in 2025, freelance writing has become a go-to option for people looking to earn money in the gig economy.
Freelance writers can make anywhere from $20 to $150 per hour, depending on their expertise and the type of projects they take on. Fields like technical writing, content marketing, and financial writing tend to pay the most.
How to Get Started:
- Create profiles on platforms like Upwork or ProBlogger, focus on a specific niche, and include samples of your work in your portfolio.
- Set rates that match your experience level and market demand.
- Use tools like project management apps, grammar checkers, and time-tracking software to stay efficient and organized.
Focusing on well-paying niches can help you increase your earnings. Begin with smaller projects to build a solid reputation, then adjust your rates as you gain more experience.
Not a fan of writing? You can also explore virtual assistant roles, which let you use your organizational skills to earn extra cash.
6. Work as a Virtual Assistant
With remote work thriving in 2025, virtual assistant jobs are a key part of the gig economy. This role lets you earn money from home while offering a wide range of services to businesses.
Earning Potential: Virtual assistants can make $15 to $30 per hour for basic tasks, with more advanced skills earning higher pay:
Service Type | Hourly Rate Range |
---|---|
Basic Administrative Tasks | $15-$25 |
General VA Services | $20-$35 |
Specialized Services | $30-$50 |
Common VA Tasks:
- Managing emails, calendars, and data entry
- Handling social media and digital marketing
- Providing customer service
- Coordinating projects
- Creating and editing content
To get started, create profiles on platforms like Upwork, Freelancer, or Fiverr, where businesses actively search for virtual assistants.
Helpful Tools for VAs:
- Project management apps: Asana, Trello
- Time tracking tools: Toggl, RescueTime
- Communication platforms: Slack, Zoom
Tips for Growing Your VA Business:
- Start small with a few clients to build trust and showcase your reliability.
- Focus on industries in demand, such as e-commerce or digital marketing.
- Stay updated on the latest tools and trends in your chosen field.
- Consider earning certifications to highlight your expertise.
Instead of offering a broad range of services, narrow your focus to specific industries or skills. For instance, you could specialize in managing social media for real estate agents or providing tech support for online educators.
If you’re ready to explore another way to earn, selling handmade items online might be worth considering next.
7. Start a Blog and Earn Income
Blogging in 2025 is still a great way to create extra income through various revenue streams. While it takes consistent effort, it offers solid earning potential with relatively low upfront costs.
How Blogs Make Money
Here are some common ways bloggers earn income:
- Display ads
- Affiliate marketing
- Sponsored posts
- Selling digital products
Most bloggers begin with ads and affiliate links, then branch out into sponsorships or selling their own products. Income can vary widely, but some top bloggers earn thousands of dollars each month by combining these methods.
Getting Started with Blogging
To start, you’ll need a few essential tools: a hosting service, a blogging platform, and SEO plugins. Be prepared to spend 10–15 hours a week writing content, optimizing for search engines, promoting your posts, and connecting with your audience.
Tips for Success
- Pick a niche that attracts advertisers or affiliate opportunities, like personal finance or fitness.
- Publish quality content on a regular schedule.
- Start building an email list right away.
- Use analytics tools to track what’s working.
- Interact with your readers through comments and social media.
Don’t forget to follow FTC guidelines by clearly disclosing any affiliate links or sponsored content – this helps maintain trust with your audience.
Blogging is a long-term approach that allows you to turn your expertise and passion into a reliable income source. If you’d rather skip managing a blog and focus exclusively on affiliate marketing, the next section will guide you through that process.
8. Make Money with Affiliate Marketing
Affiliate marketing offers a way to earn income without needing to own a website. It’s a straightforward approach to generating revenue in the ever-growing digital economy of 2025.
How Affiliate Marketing Works
The concept is simple: you promote products using unique tracking links through platforms like social media, email newsletters, or blogs. When someone clicks your link and makes a purchase, you earn a commission.
Top Affiliate Networks in 2025:
- Amazon Associates: Offers commission rates between 4-10%.
- ShareASale: Provides commissions as high as 30%.
- Commission Junction: Rates vary depending on the merchant.
Getting Started
Choose a niche you’re familiar with and select products that resonate with your audience. For example, if you’re into fitness, you could promote items like workout gear or nutrition supplements.
Tips for Success
The key is to create content that helps solve your audience’s problems. Depending on the platform, different content types perform better:
Platform | Ideal Content Types |
---|---|
Blog Posts | Product Reviews |
YouTube | Tutorial Videos |
Product Showcases | |
Email List | Targeted Offers |
Things to Keep in Mind
Always disclose affiliate links to maintain transparency and trust. Use tools like Google Analytics or Bitly to track how your links perform and adjust your strategy based on the data.
Success won’t happen overnight – it takes time and consistent effort. Begin with one or two products you genuinely believe in, and as you gain confidence, expand your portfolio.
If you’d rather create and sell your own products, the next section will guide you on turning your ideas into income.
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9. Sell Handmade Items Online
The market for handmade goods is booming, with a projected 13.4% growth between 2023 and 2028. Thanks to the rise of e-commerce, selling handmade items has become an accessible way to earn extra income in 2025.
Popular Platforms and Their Features
Platform | Key Features | Fee Structure |
---|---|---|
Etsy | Large marketplace with 90M+ active buyers | $0.20 listing fee, 3.5% transaction fee |
Amazon Handmade | Access to Amazon’s extensive customer base | Professional seller fees apply |
Ruby Lane | Focused on vintage and artisan items | Monthly maintenance fee |
Setting Up Your Shop
Start by choosing a niche and crafting products that stand out. Use high-quality photos to showcase your items and write clear, engaging descriptions that highlight their unique features.
Pricing Strategy
When pricing your products, consider:
- Material costs
- Time spent creating
- Platform fees
- Shipping expenses
- Profit margin (aim for 2.5–3x your total costs)
Growing Your Business
Promote your products on Instagram and Pinterest to reach more customers. These platforms are perfect for sharing behind-the-scenes content and engaging with your audience. Balance your time between crafting, customer service, and marketing to ensure steady growth.
Keep track of sales to identify bestsellers and adjust your inventory. As your business grows, consider expanding your product line and using analytics to refine your offerings.
Not into crafting? Selling unused items can also be a great way to bring in extra cash.
10. Sell Items You No Longer Need
Got stuff lying around that you don’t use anymore? Turn it into cash! Selling unused items not only clears up space but can also bring in some extra money with minimal effort.
Best Platforms for Selling
Different platforms work better for different types of items. Here are some great options:
Platform | Best For |
---|---|
Facebook Marketplace | Local sales, furniture |
eBay | Electronics, collectibles |
Decluttr | Tech gadgets, media |
LetGo | Quick local sales |
What Sells Best
Certain items tend to sell faster and for better prices, such as:
- Electronics: Phones, laptops, and gaming consoles are always in demand.
- Designer Items: Branded clothing, shoes, and accessories hold good resale value.
- Furniture: Especially vintage or well-kept pieces.
- Collectibles: Think trading cards, vintage decor, or limited-edition items.
Tips for Success
Make your items stand out with clear, well-lit photos that show all angles. Write detailed descriptions that include the condition, specifications, and any unique features. Check out similar listings to set a competitive price.
Pro Tip: Look at completed sales on eBay to figure out the right price. This can help you sell faster and still get a fair deal.
Safety and Transactions
For local sales, always meet buyers in public places and stick to secure payment methods. If you’re shipping items, factor in the shipping costs and consider bundling items together for convenience and to attract more buyers.
After clearing out your unused stuff, you might want to explore creating and selling digital products for a more scalable way to earn.
11. Create and Sell Digital Products
Once you’ve sold your unused items, you might want to step into the world of creating digital products. These items can generate income repeatedly without the hassle of ongoing production costs, making them a great way to earn long-term.
Popular Digital Product Types
Product Type | Skills Needed | Creation Time | Potential Tools |
---|---|---|---|
eBooks | Writing, Editing | 4-8 weeks | Scrivener, Word |
Templates | Design, Graphics | 2-5 days | Canva, Adobe |
Online Courses | Teaching, Video | 8-12 weeks | Teachable |
Digital Art | Design, Drawing | Short to Medium | Procreate, Photoshop |
Getting Started
Start by identifying a niche that matches your expertise. Then, design products that cater to the needs of that audience. For instance, if you’re skilled in productivity hacks, you could create planner templates or workflow guides.
Pricing, Platforms, and Protection
Digital products are known for their high profit margins – often up to 90% – thanks to low overhead costs. To get started, consider these platforms:
- Etsy: Great for selling templates and printables.
- Amazon KDP: Perfect for publishing and selling eBooks.
- Teachable: Best suited for hosting online courses.
- Creative Market: Ideal for design assets like fonts or illustrations.
To safeguard your creations, use tools like digital rights management (DRM) or watermarking. For example, Amazon’s built-in DRM system can protect your eBooks from unauthorized use.
Marketing Strategy
Tap into social media and email marketing to reach your audience. Platforms like Instagram and Pinterest work well for showcasing visual products, while LinkedIn can help promote professional resources.
Pro Tip: Offer products that complement each other. For example, if you’re selling a meal planning template, consider adding recipe cards or shopping list templates to your offerings.
If creating digital products doesn’t suit you, other options like dropshipping might be worth exploring to boost your income.
12. Start a Dropshipping Business
Dropshipping is a straightforward way to dive into e-commerce. You act as the go-between for suppliers and customers – handling marketing and customer service – while suppliers manage inventory and shipping.
It’s a low-cost option to start, with initial expenses typically ranging from $100 to $500. Here’s a quick look at the common costs:
Expense Category | Typical Cost Range | Purpose |
---|---|---|
E-commerce Platform | $29-299/month | Hosting and managing your website |
Marketing Budget | $100-500/month | Social media ads and promotions |
Business Tools | $50-200/month | Tools for research and analytics |
Supplier Fees | Varies by product | Product and shipping costs |
The dropshipping market is booming. It was worth $196.78 billion in 2022 and is growing at 23.4% annually. Platforms like Shopify simplify the process with tools like Oberlo, which connect you directly to suppliers.
Finding Reliable Suppliers
The backbone of a successful dropshipping business is dependable suppliers. Use directories like SaleHoo to find partners who offer:
- High-quality products
- Fast shipping
- Clear communication
- Competitive pricing
- Strong seller reviews
Marketing Strategy
Smart marketing is key to standing out. Try these approaches:
- Showcase your products with eye-catching social media content
- Set up automated email campaigns for abandoned carts
- Write product descriptions that rank well in searches
- Experiment with small-budget ads on platforms like Facebook and Google
Time Commitment
Expect to spend 15-20 hours a week getting your store up and running. Once it’s operational, you’ll need 5-10 hours weekly for tasks like customer service, order processing, marketing, and product research.
Dropshipping offers flexibility, making it a great fit for the gig economy. If running an online store doesn’t excite you, consider exploring other options like online teaching or tutoring instead.
13. Teach or Tutor Online
Online tutoring continues to grow as a popular way to earn extra income, especially as remote work becomes more common. With the global tutoring market expected to hit $132.21 billion by 2028, there’s no shortage of opportunities for skilled individuals.
Platform | Hourly Rate | Requirements | Subject Focus |
---|---|---|---|
TutorMe | $10-$18 | Bachelor’s degree | General subjects |
Chegg | $20-$30 | Subject expertise | College-level |
Varsity Tutors | $15-$25 | Teaching experience | K-12 & college |
VIPKid | $18-$22 | Bachelor’s + TEFL | ESL teaching |
Focusing on subjects like math, science, or languages can help you earn more. Plus, online tutoring gives you the freedom to set your schedule and work around other commitments.
What You’ll Need
To get started, make sure you have the right tools:
- A reliable, high-speed internet connection
- A good-quality headset with a microphone
- A webcam for clear video communication
- A dependable computer or laptop
- Digital whiteboard software for interactive lessons
Standing Out as a Tutor
Build a strong profile on a couple of tutoring platforms to start. Highlight your expertise and gather positive reviews from students – these can boost your visibility and help you earn more. If you’re teaching English as a second language, certifications like TEFL can justify higher rates.
Managing Your Time
Begin with 5-10 hours per week, focusing on peak tutoring hours (typically 3-9 PM). This can help you maximize bookings while keeping a manageable schedule. Prepare lesson materials ahead of time and keep organized session records to stay efficient.
Up next, we’ll look at how turning your photography skills into a side hustle can be a rewarding venture.
14. Sell Your Photos as Stock Images
Turn your photography into a source of income by uploading your work to stock photo platforms. With the stock photography market expected to hit $7.46 billion by 2027, there’s a real opportunity for photographers of all levels. This approach offers flexibility, letting you earn on your own terms.
Popular Stock Photo Platforms
Platform | Commission Rate | Minimum Payout | Image Requirements |
---|---|---|---|
Shutterstock | $0.25-$45/download | $35 | 4MP minimum, JPG format |
iStock | 15-45% of sale | $100 | 3MP minimum, no watermarks |
Adobe Stock | 33% standard rate | $25 | 4MP minimum, model releases |
How to Get Started
Start by building a small portfolio of your best work. Make sure your photos meet the platform’s requirements to speed up the approval process. Even high-quality smartphone photos can work if they meet the standards.
What’s in Demand?
Photos that resonate with current trends tend to sell better. Popular categories include technology, healthcare, workplace diversity, sustainability, and remote work.
Tips to Maximize Earnings
- Upload high-quality images with detailed, accurate keywords and tags to increase visibility.
- Once uploaded, your photos can generate passive income with little ongoing effort.
Pro Tips for Success
- Shoot in RAW for greater editing flexibility.
- Use clean, simple compositions with space for text (copy space).
- Always get proper permissions for images featuring people or private property.
- Keep your portfolio fresh by adding new images regularly.
Build a Winning Strategy
Pay attention to trending topics in stock photography and align your portfolio accordingly. Start with 50-100 high-quality images in different categories. Analyze which photos perform best and use that insight to guide future uploads.
Not into photography? Consider flipping items as another way to grow your income in 2025.
15. Make Money by Flipping Items
If you’ve already tried selling unused items or handmade goods, flipping items could be your next step. This involves buying items at low prices and reselling them for a profit. On average, sellers make around $1,044 per year from flipping. With the rise of secondhand shopping and eco-conscious consumer habits, this approach fits perfectly with current trends.
Best Items to Flip for Profit
Category | Potential Profit | Where to Find Them | Best Selling Platforms |
---|---|---|---|
Electronics | $50-300+ | Clearance sales, thrift stores | eBay, Facebook Marketplace |
Vintage Clothing | $20-100+ | Thrift stores, estate sales | Depop, Poshmark |
Furniture | $100-500+ | Yard sales, online listings | Facebook Marketplace |
Collectibles | $30-200+ | Flea markets, garage sales | eBay, specialized forums |
Tips for a Smarter Flipping Approach
Start with items you’re familiar with to minimize risk. Use platforms like eBay to research completed sales and gauge pricing trends. Different items perform better on specific platforms, so choose wisely – Section 10 provides a detailed breakdown of platform strengths.
When listing your items, focus on quality. Use clear, well-lit photos and write concise, accurate descriptions. Don’t forget to account for all costs, including platform fees, shipping, and packaging, to ensure your profits stay intact.
Pro Tips for Better Results
- Build relationships with thrift store staff for early access to items and track seasonal trends to stay ahead.
- Learn basic repair skills to fix and resell items at higher prices.
- Keep detailed records of your expenses and sales for better tracking.
- Specialize in a niche to develop expertise and build a strong reputation.
Conclusion
As we approach 2025, the gig economy continues to expand, offering plenty of ways to earn extra income, no matter your skills or schedule. Thanks to remote work and digital platforms, these opportunities are more accessible than ever. In fact, 36% of U.S. workers are already part of the gig economy, showing how common flexible work has become.
Income Goal | Suggested Methods |
---|---|
Quick Cash (5-10 hrs/week) | Online Surveys, Food Delivery, Item Flipping |
Steady Income (10-20 hrs/week) | Freelance Writing, Virtual Assistance, Online Tutoring |
Long-term Growth (20+ hrs/week) | Blogging, Digital Products, Dropshipping |
Success in the gig economy starts with a clear plan. Building passive income takes effort upfront but can pay off over time. Instead of trying every option, focus on methods that align with your skills and fit into your schedule.
To make the most of your efforts:
- Pick methods that suit your lifestyle and stay updated on industry trends.
- Start small, monitor your progress, and expand as you see results.
- Keep track of your time and earnings to fine-tune your strategy.
The digital economy is constantly evolving, opening new doors for those ready to learn and adapt. Whether your goal is to supplement your main income or create multiple revenue streams, these methods can set you on the right path for financial growth in 2025 and beyond.
Got more questions? Check out our FAQs for extra tips on starting your income journey!
FAQs
Have questions about starting a side hustle or building passive income? Here are answers to some of the most common ones.
Which side hustle is best in 2024?
The ideal side hustle depends on your skills, time commitment, and goals. If you’re looking for quick cash, options like food delivery through DoorDash or completing online surveys on platforms like Survey Junkie can work well. For more consistent income, consider freelancing or virtual assistance using sites like Upwork or Fiverr. If you’re aiming for scalable income, ventures like selling digital products or dropshipping through Shopify or Etsy can be lucrative. Many freelancers report earning between $500 and $2,000 per month on a part-time basis.
How do beginners start passive income?
Here are a few beginner-friendly ways to get started:
-
Digital Products and Content Creation
Create and sell e-books, online courses, or monetize content like blogs or YouTube videos. Platforms like Shopify and Etsy simplify selling digital products. You can also add revenue streams through ads or affiliate marketing. -
Investment Options
Open a high-yield savings account (many currently offer APYs above 4%) or invest in dividend stocks to earn regular payouts. -
Tips for Success
Use tools like Google Analytics to monitor traffic and gather customer feedback to refine your approach. Focus on creating consistent, high-quality content and choose platforms that align with your skills and goals.
These suggestions can help you get started, but for more details, check out the earlier sections for step-by-step strategies.